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Irreversible Phenomena: Ignitions, Combustion and Detonation Waves

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Ideals are simple and able to be easily understood, but never exist in reality.

In this book a theory based on the second law of thermodynamics and its applications are described. In thermodynamics there is a concept of an ideal gas which satisfies a mathematical formula PV = RT. This formula can approximately be applied to the real gas, so far as the gas has not an especially high pressure and low temperature. In connection with the second law of thermodynamics there is also a concept of reversible and irreversible processes. The reversible process is a phenomenon proceeding at an infinitely low velocity, while the irreversible process is that proceeding with a finite velocity. Such a process with an infinitely slow velocity can really never take place, and all processes observed are always irreversible, therefore, the reversible process is an ideal process, while the irreversible process is a real process.

According to the first law of thermodynamics the energy increase dU of the thermodynamic system is a sum of the heat dQ added to the system and work dW done in the system. Practically, however, the mathematical formula of the law is often expressed by the equation , or some similar equations derived from this formula, is applied to many phenomena. Such formulae are, however, theoretically only applicable to phenomena proceeding at an infinitely low velocity, that is, reversible processes or ideal processes. The question arrives whether or not such mathematical formulae which are only applicable to ideal processes can also approximately to real processes.

Since Jost wrote the book on combustion “Explosions-und Verbrennungsvorgänge in Gasen,” a lot of book on ignition, combustion, flames, and detonation waves have been published. In these books, the mathematical formulae which are applicable only to ideal processes are applied to all phenomena of ignition, combustion, and explosion, assuming that the mathematical formulae introduced for the reversible processes can approximately be applied to the irreversible phenomena, too.

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