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Foundations of mathematics is the study of the most basic concepts and
logical structure ofmathematics, with an eye to the unity of human knowl-
edge. Among the most basic mathematical concepts are: number, shape,
set, function, algorithm, mathematical axiom, mathematical definition,
and mathematical proof. Typical questions in foundations of mathemat-
ics include: What is a number? What is a shape? What is a set? What is
a function? What is an algorithm? What is a mathematical axiom? What
is a mathematical definition? What is a mathematical proof ? What are
the most basic concepts of mathematics? What is the logical structure of
mathematics? What are the appropriate axioms for numbers? What are
the appropriate axioms for shapes? What are the appropriate axioms for
sets? What are the appropriate axioms for functions?
Obviously, foundations ofmathematics is a subject of the greatestmath-
ematical and philosophical importance. Beyond this, foundations of
mathematics is a rich subject with a long history, going back to Aristotle
and Euclid and continuing in the hands of outstanding modern figures
such as Descartes, Cauchy,Weierstraß, Dedekind, Peano, Frege, Russell,
Cantor,Hilbert, Brouwer,Weyl, vonNeumann, Skolem, Tarski, Heyting,
and G¨odel. An excellent reference for the modern era in foundations of
mathematics is van Heijenoort [272].
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, virtually all leadingmathemati-
cians were intensely interested in foundations of mathematics and spoke
and wrote extensively on this subject. Today that is no longer the case.
Regrettably, foundations of mathematics is now out of fashion. Today,
most of the leadingmathematicians are ignorant of foundations and focus
mostly on structural questions. Today, foundations of mathematics is out
of favor even amongmathematical logicians, the majority of whom prefer
to concentrate on methodological or other non-foundational issues. |