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The idea for a volume on eighteenth-century studies
of brain and behavior originated during a joint
International Society for the History of the
Neurosciences (ISHN) and Theoretical and
Experimental Neuropsychology/Neuropsychologie
Expérimentale et Théorique (TENNET) symposium
held in Montreal in June 2004. We believe
that these essays provide unique contemporary
insights into the science and medicine of the nervous
system, hence “neuroscience,” during the
“long” eighteenth century – a century too often
given short shrift in textbooks as well as in historical
reviews of the nervous system.
The long eighteenth century, which in thematic
ways is often perceived as stretching from the
1660s into the opening decades of the 1800s, was
an age of transition in the neurosciences. It saw the
classic and time-honored ideas of neurophysiology
– animal spirits moving in hollow nerve conduits to
and from the ventricles of the brain – being gradually
replaced by ideas more in accord with anatomical
reality. It also saw an enormous increase in
interest in the nervous system as the source of
many of the ills of both body and mind, along with
new therapies. It even saw, at least in the upper
strata of polite society, a new and at times even
“neurotic” concern for the health and proper functioning
of the nervous system. The chapters in this
book tell these fascinating stories, and more.
The volume is divided into six sections. After
this brief introductory section and chronological
table, the second section deals with the background
against which work on the nervous system took
place. After an overview of the development of
ideas about brain and mind during the “long century,”
Brian Ford discusses the most revealing of
eighteenth-century instruments – so far as anatomy
is concerned – the microscope. Next, Jonathan
Reinarz reviews the way in which medical education
developed in association with the voluntary
hospitals movement. Finally, Christopher Gardner-
Thorpe uses the life and work of James Parkinson
as a lens through which to examine medicine and
its milieu during the last quarter of the eighteenth
century.
No books have been published on the practice of neuroscience in the eighteenth century, a time of transition and discovery in science and medicine. This volume explores neuroscience and reviews developments in anatomy, physiology, and medicine in the era some call the Age of Reason, and others the Enlightenment. Topics include how neuroscience adopted electricity as the nerve force, how disorders such as aphasia and hysteria were treated, Mesmerism, and more. |
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