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Hydraulic fracturing (also known as fracking, fracing, or worse)
of rock deep beneath the surface to release petroleum product has
become a contentious subject across the globe. This practice is not
to be confused with drilling or extraction. Fracking is the process
of using fluid power to fracture rock to release gas (and sometimes
crude oil). It is not drilling per se, although drilling must be done to
establish a well in order to pump fluid that fractures rock to release
product. Certain countries have actually outlawed the practice of
hydraulic fracturing, claiming that ground water and air pollution
increase due to the practice and that the comfort of life is adversely
affected. Legitimate concerns are always available, and examples to
purport a concerned view are magnified. The media plays a large
role in acting as a magnifier instead of an information conduit.
While a magnifying glass produces a very close examination, it suf-
fers blurred vision when used to examine the landscape. The intent
of this work is to provide a correct and balanced view of fractur-
ing underground rock with fluids in order to release a product to
produce energy. The concept of using water to do work is nothing
new. Pumping fluid below ground in order to fracture rock in order
to release gaseous petroleum is a new process. The practice is done
with surprising precision as well as environmental concern, yet it is
interesting how the public reacts to the practice in relation to other
techniques used throughout the world. This work will explore the
materials used as well as the concerns most common to the practice. |
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 Algorithms and Data Structures: 12th International Symposium, WADS 2011, New York, NY, USA, August 15-17, 2011, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th Algorithms and Data Structures Symposium, WADS 2011, held in New York, NY, USA, in August 2011.
The Algorithms and Data Structures Symposium - WADS (formerly "Workshop on Algorithms and Data Structures") is intended as a forum for researchers in the area of design ... | | Frontiers of Evolutionary ComputationThis book is a collection of essays, authored by eminent scholars in evolutionary computation (EC), artificial intelligence (AI), operations research, complexity theory and mathematics. Each essay revolves around important, interesting and unresolved questions in the field of evolutionary computation.... | | |
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