| Describes the basics of using PROC SQL, including retrieving data from single and multiple tables; selecting specific data from tables; subsetting, ordering, and summarizing data; updating tables; combining tables to create new tables and useful reports; performing queries on database management system (DBMS) tables; using PROC SQL with the SAS macro facility; and debugging and optimizing PROC SQL code.
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standardized, widely used language that retrieves and updates data in relational tables and databases.
A relation is a mathematical concept that is similar to the mathematical concept of a set. Relations are represented physically as two-dimensional tables that are arranged in rows and columns. Relational theory was developed by E. F. Codd, an IBM researcher, and first implemented at IBM in a prototype called System R. This prototype evolved into commercial IBM products based on SQL. The Structured Query Language is now in the public domain and is part of many vendors’ products. |
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