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Tools for Signal Compression: Applications to Speech and Audio Coding (ISTE)

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In everyday life, we often come in contact with compressed signals: when using mobile telephones, mp3 players, digital cameras, or DVD players. The signals in each of these applications, telephone-band speech, high fidelity audio signal, and still or video images are not only sampled and quantized to put them into a form suitable for saving in mass storage devices or to send them across networks, but also compressed. The first operation is very basic and is presented in all courses and introductory books on signal processing. The second operation is more specific and is the subject of this book: here, the standard tools for signal compression are presented, followed by examples of how these tools are applied in compressing speech and musical audio signals. In the first part of this book, we focus on a problem which is theoretical in nature: minimizing the mean squared error. The second part is more concrete and qualifies the previous steps in seeking to minimize the bit rate while respecting the psychoacoustic constraints. We will see that signal compression consists of seeking not only to eliminate all redundant parts of the original signal but also to attempt the elimination of inaudible parts of the signal.

The compression techniques presented in this book are not new. They are explained in theoretical framework, information theory, and source coding, aiming to formalize the first (and the last) element in a digital communication channel: the encoding of an analog signal (with continuous times and continuous values) to a digital signal (at discrete times and discrete values). The techniques come from the work by C. Shannon, published at the beginning of the 1950s. However, except for the development of speech encodings in the 1970s to promote an entirely digitally switched telephone network, these techniques really came into use toward the end of the 1980s under the influence of working groups, for example, “Group Special Mobile (GSM)”, “Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)”, and “Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)”.
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